Acute renal failure occurs when the kidneys suddenly stop filtering waste products from the blood. This rapid loss of kidney function can be triggered by injury, infection, trauma, or complications during surgery. ARF is often seen in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions.

Common Causes

ARF may result from reduced blood flow to the kidneys or from physical damage that blocks normal urine flow. Those at higher risk include:

• People with chronic kidney disease
• Individuals with diabetes or high blood pressure
• Those with liver disease
• Older adults or people with obesity

Symptoms

Unlike chronic kidney disease, which progresses slowly, ARF symptoms appear suddenly and may include:

• Swelling in legs, ankles, or feet
• Confusion or seizures
• Fluid retention
• Internal bleeding
• Sudden coma in severe cases

Diagnosis

A physician will review your symptoms and conduct a physical exam. Diagnostic tools may include:

• Urinalysis
• Blood tests (e.g., creatinine, BUN)
• Imaging (e.g., ultrasound, CT scan)
• Kidney biopsy (in some cases)

Treatment

Treatment focuses on restoring kidney function and preventing waste buildup. Options may include:

• Treating the underlying cause (e.g., infection or dehydration)
• Dialysis, often temporary, to remove waste until kidneys recover
• Medications to balance fluids and electrolytes
• Kidney transplant (rare, for severe cases)

Aftercare & Recovery

Most people recover with timely care. Post-treatment plans may include:

• Dietary adjustments
• Fluid monitoring
• Antibiotics to prevent infection
• Regular follow-up to monitor kidney function

⚠️ Without treatment, ARF can be life-threatening. Early detection and care are essential.